The
marketing bill for U.S.-grown food
totaled $577 billion in 2002
|
Expenditures
|
1980
|
1990
|
2000
|
2002
|
|
|
Labor
|
81.5
|
154.0
|
252.9
|
273.1
|
Packaging materials
|
21.0
|
36.5
|
53.5
|
56.8
|
Rail and truck transportation
|
13.0
|
19.8
|
26.4
|
28.4
|
Fuels and electricity
|
9.0
|
15.2
|
23.1
|
24.9
|
Pretax corporate profits
|
9.9
|
13.2
|
31.1
|
33.0
|
Advertising
|
7.3
|
17.1
|
26.1
|
28.1
|
Depreciation
|
7.8
|
16.3
|
24.2
|
25.3
|
Net interest
|
3.4
|
13.5
|
16.9
|
19.2
|
Net rent
|
6.8
|
13.9
|
26.7
|
30.3
|
Repairs
|
3.6
|
6.2
|
10.1
|
10.9
|
Business taxes
|
8.3
|
15.7
|
23.5
|
24.9
|
Other costs
|
11.1
|
22.2
|
23.3
|
22.0
|
Total marketing bill
|
182.7
|
343.6
|
537.8
|
576.9
|
Farm value
|
81.7
|
106.2
|
123.3
|
132.5
|
Consumer expenditures
|
264.4
|
449.8
|
661.1
|
709.4
|
|
Total
consumer spending on food grown and processed
in the
U.S. was $709 billion in 2002. Nineteen
cents of every dollar spent on U.S.-grown food
goes to the farmer for the raw food inputs, while
the other 81 cents covers the cost of transforming
these inputs into food products and getting them
to our grocery shelves and lunch counters. ERS
tracks these processing and distribution costs
by calculating what consumers spend for U.S.-grown
food each year, and then subtracting the farm
value (what farmers were paid) to derive the “marketing
bill.”
Retail sales data from the Bureau of Census
are used to calculate how much consumers
spend on
foods purchased in grocery stores and eating
establishments. The value of food served by
schools, hospitals, and other institutions
is also included
in these estimates. ERS uses supermarket industry
data to exclude spending for imported foods
and seafood.
ERS calculates the farm value by multiplying
farm prices (from USDA’s National Agricultural
Statistics Service) by the quantity of farm products
purchased in a given year (from ERS supply and
utilization tables). Nonfood byproducts (hides,
offals, etc.) are excluded from the farm value
estimates. ERS
estimates 11 cost components of the marketing
bill. Labor, the largest component, includes
wages and salaries of employees, earnings
of owners and proprietors, and employee benefits.
ERS calculates labor costs using payroll
data from the Bureau of the Census and the
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Packaging (the
second largest component) and energy costs
are calculated from Census data. The remaining
cost components are derived from Internal
Revenue Service statistics. The size of the marketing bill is affected by changes in the amount and type
of products consumers buy. For example, restaurant meals have more marketing
costs associated with them, and are therefore more expensive than foods
at grocery stores. So, as consumers spend more at restaurants, the marketing
bill increases in value. Similarly, as consumers purchase more highly processed
food products, such as microwave-ready dinners, relative to less processed
fruits, vegetables, and meats, the value of the marketing bill increases.
Over the last two decades, the marketing bill has increasingly taken a
larger share of the consumer food dollar, growing from 73 percent of consumer
food spending in 1982 to 81 percent in 2002.
For more information, see
the ERS
Food Marketing and Price Spreads briefing
room.
Howard
Elitzak
|