Agricultural
Income and Finance Situation and Outlook provides
historical estimates and forecasts of farm sector financial
information that gauge the financial health of the
Nation's farmers and ranchers.
Farm-Based
Recreation: A Statistical ProfileFarm-based
recreation provides an important niche market for farmers,
but limited empirical information is available on the
topic. Access to two USDA databases, the 2004 Agricultural
Resource Management Survey (ARMS) and the 2000 National
Survey on Recreation and the Environment, allows us
to look at the characteristics of who operates farm-based
recreation enterprises.
Structure and Finances of U.S. Farms: Family Farm Report, 2010 EditionThis report presents comprehensive information on family
and nonfamily farms and important trends in farming,
operator household income, farm performance, and contracting.
Most farms are family farms, and small family farms
account for most farms but produce a modest share of
farm output.
Growing
Farm Size and the Distribution of Commodity Program PaymentsStructural
changes within the farm sector can alter how benefits
from government commodity programs are distributed, even
without changes in government policy. ARMS data provides
links between the distribution of program payments and
farm structural characteristics. In this research, ARMS
provides the data to measure the production shifts among
farm sizes that can alter the distribution of payments.
Agricultural Contracting
UpdateARMS measures the share of production
sold under marketing or production contracts. Contracts
cover an increasing share of the value of U.S. agricultural
production, up to 39 percent in 2003. Large farms are
far more likely to contract than small farms, over half
of the value of production from farms with at least $1
million in sales under contract. ARMS is the only national
database available to compare the finances of farms that
contract with those that sell on the open market.
Farm
Income Less Important to Most Corn Farm HouseholdsThe
relative importance of the different components of farm
household income (farm, off-farm, government payments)
varies by farm type, but off-farm income is most important
for a majority of farm households. ARMS goes beyond the
farm operation and measures the financial characteristics
of farm operator households including off-farm income.
This allows national comparisons of among farm types and
among non-farm sectors.
One
Farm, One Operator? Not on the Largest FarmsToday's
commercial farms often require more management and
labor than an individual can provide. ARMS provides
data on the number of operators on a single farm
operation and the importance of these farms. Some
farms have more than one operator, defined as anyone
who makes day-to-day-decisions about the farm business.
Understanding multiple-operator farms is important,
because they produce a large share of agricultural
output.
Inventory of Journal
Articles That Use ARMS Data (as of October 2011)
This
inventory of ARMS-based research published in professional
journals demonstrates the range of uses for ARMS data
and the advanced research methods that can be applied.
While most citations are for ERS, researchers at 26 universities
have used ARMS data.
Also available is a list of NASS research reports that offer a more technical look at the
survey itself. Topics covered include nonresponse, incentives,
and jackknife and calibration methods.
El-Osta, H.S. "The Impact of Human Capital on Farm Operator Household Income." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, 40, no. 1 (April 2011): 95-115.
MacDonald, J.M., and S.L. Wang. "Foregoing Subtherapeutic Antibiotics: The Impact on Broiler Grow-out Operations." Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 33, no. 1 (Spring 2011): 79-98.
Robbins, M.W., and T.K. White. "Farm Commodity Payments and Imputation in the Agricultural Resource Management Survey." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 93, no. 2 (January 2011): 606-612.
El-Osta, H.S. "Inequality decomposition of farm family living expenditures and the role of the life cycle." Agricultural Finance Review, 70, no. 2 (Fall 2010): 245-266.
Gillespie, J.M., R.F. Nehring, C. Hallahan, and C.L. Sandretto. "Forage Outsourcing in the Dairy Sector: The Extent of Use and Impact on Farm Profitability." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, 39, no. 3 (October 2010): 399-414.
Gillespie, J., R. Nehring, C. Hallahan, C. Sandretto, and L. Tauer. "Adoption of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin and Farm Profitability: Does Farm Size Matter?" AgBioForum, 13, no. 3 (2010): 251-262.
Greene, C., and K. Smith. "Can Genetically Engineered and Organic Crops Coexist." Choices, 25, no. 2 (2nd Quarter 2010): 49-61.
Khanal, A.R., J. Gillespie, and J. MacDonald. "Adoption of technology, management practices, and production systems in U.S. milk production." Journal of Dairy Science, 93, no. 12 (December 2010): 6012-6022.
Mishra, A., H. El-Osta, and S. Shaik. "Agricultural Policy Reform and Its Impact on Farm Households Income Inequality." Journal of Income Distribution, 19, no. 1 (March 2010): 75-95.
Mishra, A.K., H.S. El-Osta, and S. Shaik. "Succession Decisions in U.S. Family Farm Businesses." Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 35, no. 1 (April 2010): 133-152.
O’Donoghue, E.J., and J.B. Whitaker. "Do Direct Payments Distort Producers’ Decisions? An Examination of the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002." Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 32, no. 1 (Spring 2010): 170-193.
Ahearn, M. "Implications of Health Care Reform for Farmers and Rural Residents." Choices, 24, no. 4 (Fourth Quarter 2009): 2 pp.
Ahearn, M., and A. Mishra. "Access of Farm Households to Health Care." Choices, 24, no. 4 (Fourth Quarter 2009): 7 pp.
Aillery, M., N. Gollehon, V. Breneman, and S. Bucholtz. "Modeling Firm Spatial Interdependence Using National Data Coverage: A Regional Application to Manure Management." Natural Resource Modeling, 22, no. 1 (Spring 2009): 42-66.
Blank, S.C., K.W. Erickson, R. Nehring, and C. Hallahan. "Agricultural Profits and Farm Household Wealth: A Farm-level Analysis Using Repeated Cross-sections." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 41, no. 1 (April 2009): 207-225.
Briggeman, B.C., C.A. Towe, and M.J. Morehart. "Credit Constraints: Their Existence, Determinants, and Implications for U.S. Farm and Nonfarm Sole Proprietorships." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 91, no. 1 (February 2009): 275-289.
El-Osta, H.S., and M.J. Morehart. "Welfare Decomposition in the Context of the Life-Cycle of Farm Operators: What Does a National Survey Reveal?" Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, 38, no. 2 (October 2009): 125-141.
Gillespie, J., T. Mark, C. Sandretto, and R. Nehring. "Computerized Technology Adoption Among Farms in the U.S. Dairy Industry." Journal of the American Society of Farm Managers and Rural Appraisers, 72, no. 1 (June 2009): 201-209.
Gillespie, J., R. Nehring, C. Hallahan, and C. Sandretto. "Pasture-Based Dairy Systems: Who Are the Producers and Are Their Operations More Profitable than Conventional Dairies?" Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 34, no. 3 (December 2009): 412-427.
Lambert, D.M., T. Wojan, and P. Sullivan. "Farm Business and Household Expenditure Patterns and Local Communities: Evidence from a National Farm Survey." Review of Agricultural Economics, 31, no. 3 (Fall 2009): 604-626.
McBride, W.D., and C. Greene. "The Profitability of Organic Soybean Production." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 24, no. 4 (December 2009): 276-284.
McBride, W.D., and C. Greene. "Costs of Organic Milk Production on U.S. Dairy Farms." Review of Agricultural Economics, 31, no. 4 (Winter 2009): 793-813.
Melhim, A., E.J. O’Donoghue, and C.R. Shumway. "What Does Initial Farm Size Imply About Growth and Diversification?" Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 41, no. 1 (April 2009): 193-206.
Melhim, A., E.J. O’Donoghue, and C.R. Shumway. "Do the Largest Firms Grow and Diversify the Fastest? The Case of U.S. Dairies." Review of Agricultural Economics, 31, no. 2 (Summer 2009): 284-302.
Mishra, A., and H.S. El-Osta. "Estimating wealth of self-employed farm households." Agricultural Finance Review, 69, no. 2 (Fall 2009): 248-262.
Mishra, A.K., H.S. El-Osta, and J. Gillespie. "Effect of agricultural policy on regional income inequality among farm households." Journal of Policy Modeling, 31, no. 3 (May/June 2009): 325-340.
Mishra, A.K., C.B. Moss, and K.W. Erickson. "Regional differences in agricultural profitability, government payments, and farmland values: Implications of DuPont expansion." Agricultural Finance Review, 69, no. 1 (Spring 2009): 49-66.
Mishra, A.K., R.P. Williams, and J. Detre. "Internet Access and Choice of Internet Purchasing Patterns by Farm Households." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, 38, no. 2 (October 2009): 240-257.
Mishra, A., C. Wilson, and R. Williams. "Factors affecting financial performance of new and beginning farmers," Agricultural Finance Review, 69, no. 2 (Fall 2009): 160-179.
Nehring, R., J. Gillespie, C. Sandretto, and C. Hallahan. "Small U.S. dairy farms: can they compete?" Agricultural Economics, 40, Supplement 1 (November 2009): 817-825.
O’Donoghue, E.J., M.J. Roberts, and N. Key. "Did the Federal Crop Insurance Reform Act Alter Farm Enterprise Diversification?" Journal of Agricultural Economics, 60, no. 1 (February 2009): 80-104.
Schaible, G.D., D.M. Lambert, C.S. Kim, and S. Stefanova. "Structural Conservation Practices in U.S. Wheat Production: A Cost-Function Technology Adoption Approach." Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research, 1, no. 2 (April 2009): 167-188.
McBride, W., N. Key, and K. Mathews (2008). "Sub-therapeutic
Antibiotics and Productivity in U.S. Hog Production." Review
of Agricultural Economics 30(2): 270-288.
Key, Nigel and Jonathan Kaplan (2007). "Multiple Environmental
Externalities and Manure Management Policy." Journal
of Agricultural and Resource Economics 32(1):115-134.
Livingston , M.J., N.P. Storer, J.W. Van Duyn, and G.G.
Kennedy (2007). "Do Refuge Requirements for Biotechnology
Crops Promote Economic Efficiency?: Some Evidence for Bt
Cotton." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 39(1):171-185.
Ribaudo, M.O., and R.C. Johansson (2007). "Nutrient Management
Use at the Rural-Urban Fringe: Does Demand for Environmental
Quality Play a Role?" Review of Agricultural Economics 29(4): 689-699.
Ahearn, Mary Clare, Hisham El-Osta, and Joe Dewbre (2006). "The
Impact of Coupled and Decoupled Government Subsidies
on Off-farm Labor Participation of U.S. Farm Operators." American
Journal of Agricultural Economics 88(2):393-408.
McBride, W. D. and J.D. Johnson (2006). "Defining and
Characterizing Approaches to Farm Management." Journal
of Agricultural and Applied Economics 38(1):155-167.
Mishra, Ashok K. and Barry K. Goodwin (2006). "Revenue
Insurance Purchase Decisions of Farmers." Applied Economics 38(1):149-159.
Nehring, Richard, Charles Barnard, David Banker, and Vince
Breneman (2006). "Urban Influence on Costs of Production
in the Corn Belt ." American Journal of Agricultural
Economics 88(4):930-946.
Tauer, L.W. and Ashok K. Mishra (2006). "Can the Small
Dairy Farm Remain Competitive in U.S. Agriculture?" Food
Policy: 458-468.
Ahearn,
Mary Clare, Jet Yee, and Penni Korb (2005). "Effects
of Differing Farm Policies on Farm Structure and Dynamics." American
Journal of Agricultural Economics 87(5):1182-1189.
Ahearn,
Mary Clare, Penni Korb, and David Banker (2005). "Industrialization
and Contracting in U.S. Agriculture." Journal
of Agricultural and Applied Economics 37(2): 347-364.
El-Osta, H. and A. Mishra (2005). "Dimensions
of Wealth Dispersion among Farm Households: An Assessment
of the Impact of Farm Subsidies." Journal
of Agricultural and Applied Economics 37(1):187-208.
Fernandez-Cornejo, J., C. Hendricks, and A. Mishra (2005). "Technology
Adoption and Off-farm Household Income: The Case of Herbicide-Tolerant
Soybeans." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 37(3):549-563.
Huang, W., and R Magleby (2005). "Economic Impacts
of EPA's Manure Application Regulations on Dairy Farms
with Lagoon Liquid Systems in the Southwest Region." Journal
of Agricultural and Applied Economics 37(1):20-45.
Katchova, A.L. (2005). "The Farm Diversification
Discount." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 87(4):984-994.
Katchova, A.L. and P.J. Barry (2005). "Credit Risk
Models and Agricultural Lending." American Journal
of Agricultural Economics 87(1):194-205.
Key, Nigel (2005)."How Much Do Farmers Value Their Independence ?" Agricultural Economics 33:117-126.
Key, Nigel and Michael Roberts (2005). "Financial Market
Imperfections and Structural Change in Agriculture." Focus
on Agricultural Economics , edited by Ami R. Bellows, Nova
Science Publishers, Inc. New York.
Lubowski, Ruben N., Andrew J. Plantinga and Robert N.
Stavins (2005). "Land-use change and carbon sinks: Econometric
estimation of the carbon sequestration supply function." Journal
of Environmental Economics and Management 51(2):135-152.
Mishra, A., R. Wesley Nimon, and H. El-Osta (2005). "Is
Moral Hazard Good for the Environment?: Revenue Insurance
and Chemical Input Use." Journal of Environmental Management 74(1):
11-20.
Mishra, Ashok K., and T. Park (2005). "An Empirical Analysis
of Internet Use by U.S. Farmers." Agricultural and Resource
Economics Review 34(2): 253-264.
Mishra, Ashok K., and H.S. El-Osta (2005). "Decomposition
of Variability in Farm Household Assets and Debt." Journal
of Agribusiness 23(2): 163-182.
Morrison-Paul, C. and R. Nehring (2005). "Product Diversification,
Production Systems, and Economic Performance in U.S. Agriculture." Journal
of Econometrics 126(2): 525-548.
Negri, D., N. Gollehon , and M. Aillery (2005). "The Effects
of Climatic Variability on US Irrigation Adoption." Climatic
Change 69:299-323.
Nehring, R., J. Fernandez-Cornejo, and D. Banker (2005). "Off-Farm
Labor and the Structure of U.S. Agriculture: The Case of
Corn/Soybean Farms." Applied Economics 37: 633-649.
Ribaudo, M., and J. Agapoff (2005). "Importance of Cost
Offsets for Dairy Farms Meeting a Nutrient Application
Standard." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 34(2):173-184.
Yee, J. and M.C. Ahearn (2005). "Government Policies
and Farm Size: Does the Size Concept Matter?" Applied
Economics 37(19):2231–2238.
Blank,
Steven C., Kenneth W. Erickson, Charles B. Moss, and
Richard Nehring (2004). "Agricultural Profits and
Farm Household Wealth." American
Journal of Agricultural Economics 86(5):1299-1307.
El-Osta H., A. Mishra,
and M. Ahearn (2004). "Labor Supply by Farm Operators
Under 'Decoupled' Farm Program Payments." Review
of Economics of the Households 2(3):367-385.
Goodwin, Barry and Ashok Mishra (2004). "Farming Efficiency
and the Determinants of Multiple Job Holdings by Farm Operators." American
Journal of Agricultural Economics 86(3):722-29.
Hoppe, R.A., D. Niekamp, D. Banker, and K, Nakagawa (2004). "Differences
in Canadian and U.S. Farm Structure: What the Canadian
Farm Typology Shows Current Agriculture." Food and Resource
Issues 5:83-94.
Katchova, A.L. and M.J. Miranda (2004). "Two-Step
Econometric Estimation of Farm Characteristics Affecting
Marketing Contracts Decisions." American Journal
of Agricultural Economics 86(1):88-102.
Key, Nigel (2004). "Agricultural Contracting and the Scale
of Production." Agricultural and Resource Economics
Review 33(2):255-271.
Kim, C.S., C. Hallahan, W. Lindamood, and T. Payne (2004). "A
note on the Reliability Tests of Estimates from ARMS Data." Agricultural
and Resource Economics Review 33(2):293-297.
Lin, W., J. Falk-Zepeda, and J. Fernandez-Cornejo (2004). "Economic
Impacts of Adopting GM Crops in the United States ." Farm
Policy Journal 1(2):50-64.
MacDonald, J., M. Ahearn, and D. Banker (2004). "Organizational
Economics in Agriculture Policy Analysis." American
Journal of Agricultural Economics 86(3):744-749.
McBride, W.D., S. Short, and H. El-Osta (2004). "The
Adoption and Impact of Bovine Somatotropin on U.S. Dairy
Farms." Review of Agricultural Economics 26(4):472-488.
Mishra, Ashok , C. Moss, and K. Erickson (2004). "Valuing
Farmland With Multiple Quasi-Fixed Inputs." Applied
Economics 36(15):1669-1676.
Mishra, Ashok , F. Tegegne, and C. Sandretto (2004). "The
Impact of Participation in Cooperatives on the Success
of Small Farms." Journal of Agribusiness 22(1):31-48.
Mishra, Ashok K., H.S El-Osta, and C.L. Sandretto (2004). "Factors
Affecting Farm Enterprise Diversification." Agricultural
Finance Review 64(2): 151-166.
Morrison-Paul, C., R. Nehring, and D. Banker (2004). "Returns
to Scale, Efficiency, and Technical Change in U.S. Agriculture:
Are Traditional Farms History?" Journal of Productivity
Analysis 22 : 185-205.
Morrison-Paul, Catherine, Richard Nehring, and David Banker
(2004). "Productivity, Economies, and Efficiency in U.S.
Agriculture: A Look at Contracts." American Journal
of Agricultural Economics 86(5):1308-1314.
Ribaudo, M.O., A. Cattaneo, and J. Agapoff (2004). "Cost
of Meeting Manure Nutrient Application Standards in Hog
Production: The Roles of EQIP and Fertilizer Offsets." Review
of Agricultural Economics 26(4):430-444.
Daberkow, S.G. and W.D.
McBride (2003). "Farm and Operator Characteristics
Affecting the Awareness and Adoption of Precision Agriculture
Technologies in the U.S." Precision
Agriculture 4:163-177.
Goodwin, Barry K., Ashok K. Mishra, and F. Ortal Magne
(2003). "What's Wrong With Our Models of Agricultural Land
Values." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 85(3):744-752.
Huang, W. and R. Magleby (2003). "The Economic Impacts
of Restricting Agricultural Uses of Manure on Hog Farms
in the Southern Seaboard." Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 23(1):31-57.
Huang, W., R. Magleby, and A. Somwaru (2003). "The Economic
Impacts of Alternative Manure Management Regulations on
Hog Farms in the Heartland." Journal of Sustainable
Agriculture 22(1):209-227.
Key, Nigel and William McBride (2003). "Production Contracts
and Productivity in the U.S. Hog Sector." American Journal
of Agricultural Economics 85(1):121-133.
McBride, W.D. and S.G. Daberkow (2003). "Information and
the Adoption of Precision Farming Technologies." Journal
of Agribusiness 21(1):21-38.
Mishra, Ashok K. and Barry K. Goodwin (2003). "Adoption
of Crop Versus Revenue Insurance: A Farm-Level Analysis." Agricultural
Finance Review 63(2):143-156.
Payne, T., J. Fernandez Cornejo, and S. Daberkow (2003). "Factors
Affecting the Likelihood of Corn Rootworm Bt Seed Adoption." AgBioForum 6(1):79-86.
Ribaudo, M., N. Gollehon, and J. Agapoff (2003). "Land
Application of Manure by Animal Feeding Operations: Is
More Land Needed?" Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 58(1):30-38.
Roberts, Michael and Nigel Key (2003). "Who Benefits from
Government Farm Payments?: Relationships between Payments
Received and Farm Household Well-being." Choices 3:7-14.
El-Osta,
H. and M. Morehart (2002). "The Dynamics of Wealth
Concentration among Farm Operator Households." Agricultural
Resource Economic Review 31(1):84-96.
Fernandez-Cornejo,
J., C. Alexander, and R. Goodhue (2002). "Dynamic
Diffusion with Disadoption: The Case of Crop Biotechnology
in the U.S.A." Agricultural
and Resource Economics Review 31(1):112-126.
Fernandez-Cornejo, J., C. Klotz-Ingram, and S. Jans (2002). "Farm-Level
Effects of Adopting Herbicide-Tolerant Soybeans in the
U.S.A. " Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 34(1):149-163.
Huang, Wen -Yuan (2002). "Using Insurance to Enhance
Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Timing to Reduce Nitrogen
Losses." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 34
(1):131-148.
McBride, W. D. and H. El-Osta (2002). "Impacts of the
Adoption of Genetically Engineered Crops on Farm Financial
Performance." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 34(1):175-191.
Mishra, Ashok K. and Carmen L. Sandretto (2002). "Stability
of Farm Income and the Role of Nonfarm Income in U.S. Agriculture." Review
of Agricultural Economics 24(1): 208-221.
Mishra, Ashok K., and H.S. El-Osta (2002). "Managing Risk
in Agriculture Through Hedging and Crop Insurance: What
Does a National Survey Reveal?" Agricultural Finance
Review 62(2):135-148.
Fernandez-Cornejo, J., S. Daberkow, and W. McBride (2001). "Decomposing
the Size Effect on the Adoption of Innovations: Agrobiotechnology
and Precision Agriculture." AgBioForum 4(2):124-236.
Goodwin, Barry K. and Ashok K. Mishra (2001). "An Analysis
of Risk Premia in U.S. Farm-Level Interest Rates." Agricultural
Finance Review 60(1): 1-17.
Mishra, Ashok K. and M.J. Morehart (2001). "Factors Affecting
Returns to Labor and Management on U.S. Dairy Farms." Agricultural
Finance Review 61(2):123-140.
Mishra, Ashok K. and M.J. Morehart (2001). "Off-Farm Investment
of Farm Households: A Logit Analysis." Agricultural
Finance Review 61(1):87-101.
Mishra, Ashok K. and H.S El-Osta (2001). "A Temporal Comparison
of Source of Variability of Farm Household Income," Agricultural
Finance Review 61(2):181-198.
McBride, W.D. and N. Brooks (2000). "Survey Evidence on
Producer Use and Costs of Genetically Modified Seed." Agribusiness 16(1):16-20.
Klotz-Ingram, C., S. Jans, J. Fernandez-Cornejo, and W.
McBride (1999). "Farm-Level Production Effects Related
to the Adoption of Genetically Modified Cotton for Pest
Management." AgBioForum 2(2):73-84.
Mishra, Ashok K., H.S. El-Osta, and C.J. Steele (1999). "Factors
Affecting the Profitability of Limited Resource and Other
Small Farms." Agricultural Finance Review 59(1):77-91.
Mishra, Ashok K., H.S. El-Osta, and J.D. Johnson (1999). "Factors
Contributing to Earnings Success of Cash Grain Farms," Journal
of Agricultural and Applied Economics 31(2):623-637.
Mishra, Ashok K. and Janet E. Perry (1999). "Forward Contracting
of Inputs: A Farm Level Analysis," Journal of Agribusiness 17(2):77-92.
Daberkow,
S.G. and W.D. McBride (1998). "Socio-economic Profiles
of Early Adopters of Precision Agricultural Technologies." Journal
of Agribusiness 16(2):151-168.
Huang, Wen -Yuan. Tracy Irwin Hewitt, and David Shank
(1998). "An Analysis of On-Farm Costs of Timing N Application
to Reduce N Losses." Journal of Agricultural and Resource
Economics 23(2):445-467.
Somwaru, Agapi and Richard F. Nehring (1996). "A
Graph Efficiency Multiproduct Model of Corn/Livestock Farming:
Accounting for Nitrate Pollution." The Annals of
Operation Research 68:379-408.
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